Genetics Calculators

Allele Frequency Calculator Counted straight from the genotypes, with a chi-squared test against what equilibrium predicts. Dihybrid Cross Calculator Sixteen boxes give 9:3:3:1 — but only if the two genes assort independently. DNA Copy Number Calculator The same nanogram is 300 million plasmid copies or 300 human genomes — length is everything. DNA to mRNA Converter Which strand you were handed decides everything — get it wrong and every base is wrong. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator The null hypothesis of population genetics — what happens when nothing is happening. Mutation Frequency Calculator Frequency is what you counted; rate is what happens per division — Luria and Delbrück settled the difference. Punnett Square Calculator The 3:1 is a result here, not a rule — the square is built from the gametes each time. qPCR Efficiency Calculator A slope of -3.32 is exactly 100 percent, because log base 2 of 10 is 3.32. Trihybrid Cross Calculator Sixty-four boxes and twenty-seven genotypes, which is why nobody draws this one by hand.