General chemistry Calculators

Atom Calculator Protons set the element, neutrons the isotope, electrons the charge — three numbers, three different questions. Atomic Mass Calculator A mass number counts nucleons and is always whole; an atomic weight averages over isotopes and almost never is. Average Atomic Mass Calculator No chlorine atom weighs 35.45 — three quarters weigh 35 and a quarter weigh 37. Bond Order Calculator Oxygen has a bond order of two AND two unpaired electrons — the prediction that settled molecular orbital theory. Effective Nuclear Charge Calculator Sodium's outer electron feels 2.20 of its eleven protons, which is why it comes off so readily. Electron Configuration Calculator Generated from the n plus l rule, then corrected for the twenty elements that genuinely break it. Electron Configuration Checker Chromium and copper are the two that catch everyone — check your answer against the measured configuration. Electronegativity Calculator Two fluorines are the most electronegative pair in the table and form a perfectly non-polar bond. Percent Ionic Character Calculator Nothing reaches 100 percent — even caesium fluoride, the widest gap in the table, stops near 92. pKa Calculator Solved from the exact quadratic, so you can see how far the usual square-root shortcut drifts.