Mixtures and solutions Calculators

Activity Coefficient Calculator Ions in company behave as though there were fewer of them — and past 0.1 molar no simple formula follows it. Alligation Calculator The cross runs the other way from intuition — the strong stock's share is set by the weak one's distance. Bleach Dilution Calculator Labels are printed in percent and guidance is written in ppm — one percent is ten thousand ppm. Buffer Capacity Calculator Capacity peaks at the pKa and falls away fast — a buffer two units off is barely a buffer. Buffer pH Calculator Equal acid and base puts the pH exactly at the pKa, whatever the concentrations are. Concentration Calculator Four notations for one quantity — the conversions all hinge on density and molar mass. Dilution Calculator C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ because the solute is conserved — and always add acid to water, never the reverse. Dilution Factor Calculator A 1:10 dilution is one part in ten total, not one part to ten — the ambiguity is where errors come from. Henderson-Hasselbalch Calculator A tenfold ratio moves the pH by exactly one unit, which is what fixes the useful range. Ionic Strength Calculator Charge enters squared, so 0.1 molar calcium chloride is three times the ionic strength of 0.1 molar salt. Mass Percent Calculator The denominator is the whole solution, not the solvent — a distinction that costs marks and reagents. Mixing Ratio Calculator Mixing never reaches outside the range you started with, which is the first thing to check. Molality Calculator Moles per kilogram of SOLVENT — the one that survives a temperature change, which freezing point work needs. Molarity Calculator Moles per litre of SOLUTION — which changes with temperature, because the solution expands. Mole Fraction Calculator The fractions of every component must sum to exactly one, which is the useful check. Neutralization Calculator A diprotic acid neutralises twice its molarity, which is exactly what normality is for. Normality Calculator The same bottle can be 1 M and 2 N — normality depends on the reaction, not just the contents. Percent Solution Calculator Weight-in-volume and weight-in-weight agree only when the density is exactly one. Percentage Concentration to Molarity Calculator 98 percent sulfuric acid is 18.4 molar because the solution is nearly twice as dense as water. PPM to Molarity Calculator In dilute water 1 mg/L is 1 ppm, because a litre of water is a million milligrams. Raoult's Law Calculator Where the colligative properties come from — a solute takes up surface without contributing vapour. Saponification Value Calculator A high value means SHORT chains — more small molecules per gram, each bringing three ester bonds. Serial Dilution Calculator Six tenfold steps reach one part in a million using comfortable volumes at every stage. Solution Dilution Calculator How much stock and how much solvent — the solute is conserved, so only the volume changes. TDS Calculator A meter measures conductivity and multiplies by a guess — the honest answer is a range. Titration Calculator The burette measures equivalents; only the stoichiometry turns those back into moles. Water Hardness Calculator Grains, German degrees and ppm all measure the same calcium — as milligrams of chalk per litre.